Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://ontariotechu.scholaris.ca/handle/10155/5

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Evaporative drying of cupric-chloride droplets in a thermo-chemical cycle of hydrogen production
(2008-04-01) Marin, Gabriel; Gabriel, Kamiel; Naterer, Greg
This thesis develops analytical and numerical solutions that predict behavior of Cupric-Chloride droplets undergoing spraying and drying processes. Cupric-Chloride (CuCl2) is present as molten salt and slurry within the Copper-Chlorine thermo-chemical cycle for generation of hydrogen. Utilizing low-grade heat from nuclear or industrial sources to assist drying of Cupric-Chloride can increase efficiency of the overall process. Analytical correlations for heat and mass transfer are developed and applied to the analysis of a solution of Cupric-Chloride, subject to various drying conditions. The study provides new information on effects of different concentrations of water in CuCl2 slurry drying at low air temperatures.
Modeling and vibration analysis of a rocking–mass gyroscope system
(2008-04-01) Ansari, Masoud; Esmailzadeh, Ebrahim
Rocking-mass gyroscope consists of an assembly of four cantilever beams with a rigid mass attached to them in the middle subjected to base rotations. Due to the gyroscope effect, the beams undergo coupled flexural-torsional vibrations. The main goal of the research is to develop an accurate model of such a system and along this line a detailed mathematical modeling of the gyroscope is developed. The equations of motion clearly show the presence of the gyroscopic couplings in all cantilever beams. A computer simulation model in its most general form has been developed, to analyze the effectiveness of this type of gyroscope.
Analysis of hydrodynamic phenomena in a fluidized bed for thermochemical hydrogen production
(2008-04-01) Haseli, Yousef; Dincer, Ibrahim; Naterer, Greg F.
This thesis examines transport phenomena of cupric chloride (CuCI2) hydrolysis within a fluidized bed. Conversions of CuCi2 and steam as a fluidizing gas are numerically investigated using a new non-catalytic gas-solid reaction model, proposed in the literature but here updated for the purposes of the present study. The results are illustrated considering two cases of kinetics for the consumption of particles: Volumetric Model and Shrinking Core Model. Consistent results in terms of the conversion of reactants versus superficial velocity, bed inventory and bed temperature are obtained by developing new solution algorithms abased on each of the above kinetic models.
Energy, exergy and cost analyses of nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition using a copper-chlorine (Cu-CI) cycle
(2008-04-01) Orhan, Mehmet Fatih; Dincer, Ibrahim; Rosen, Marc A.
In this thesis the Copper-Chlorine (Cu-CI) thermochemical cycle and its components as well as operational and environmental conditions are defined, and a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of a Cu-CI thermochemical cycle, including the relevant chemical reactions, is performed. Also the performance of each component/process is evaluated through energy and exergy efficiencies. Various parametric studies on energetic and exergetic aspects with variable reaction and reference-environment temperatures are carried out. A detailed analysis of the general methodology of cost estimation for the proposed process, including all cost items with their percentages, the factors that affect accuracy, and a scaling method, is also presented.
Effects of blade configuration on flow distribution and power output of a zephyr vertical axis wind turbine.
(2008-07-01) Ajedegba, John Oviemuno; Naterer, Greg F.; Rosen, Marc
Worldwide interest in renewable energy systems has increased dramatically, due to environmental concerns like climate change and other factors. Wind power is a major source of sustainable energy, and can be harvested using both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines. This thesis presents studies of a vertical axis wind turbine performance for applications in urban areas. Numerical simulations with FLUENT software are presented to predict the fluid flow through a novel Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT). Simulations of air flow through the turbine rotor were performed to analyze the performance characteristics of the device. Major blade geometries were examined. A multiple reference frame (MRF) model capability of FLUENT was used to express the dimensionless form of power output of the wind turbine as a function of the wind freestream velocity and the rotor's rotational speed. The simulation results exhibit close agreement with a stream-tube momentum model.
Multi-state system in a fault tree analsis of a nuclear based thermochemical hydrogen plant
(2008-07-01) Zhang, Yuepeng; Naterer, Greg; Lu, Lixuan
Nuclear-based hydrogen generation is a promising way to supply hydrogen for this large market in the future. This thesis focuses on one of the most promising methods, a thermochemical Cu-Cl cycle, which is currently under development by UOIT, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) and the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The safety issues of the Cu-Cl cycle are addressed in this thesis. An investigation of major accident scenarios shows that potential tragedies can be avoided with effective risk analysis and safety management programs. As a powerful and systematic tool, fault tree analysis (FTA) is adapted to the particular needs of the Cu-Cl system. This thesis develops a new method that combines FTA with a reliability analysis tool, multi-state system (MSS), to improve the accuracy of FTA and also improve system reliability.
Performance investigation of various cold thermal energy storages
(2008-07-01) MacPhee, David; Dincer, Ibrahim
This study deals with solidification and melting of some typical encapsulated ice thermal energy storage geometries. Using ANSYS GAMBIT and FLUENT 6.0 software, HTF fluid motion past encapsulated water (ice) geometries, varying HTF flow rates and inlet temperatures are analyzed. The main source of irreversibility was from entropy generation accompanying phase change, although viscous dissipation losses were included. Energy efficiencies were well over 99% for all cases, while exergy efficiencies ranged from 70% to 92%. By far, the most influential variable was the inlet HTF temperature; higher efficiencies resulted from inlet HTF temperatures closer to the solidification temperature of water.
Thermal performance analysis and geometrical optimization of automotive brake rotors.
(2008-07-01) Chi, Zhongzhe; He, Yuping; Naterer, Greg
The heat dissipation and thermal performance of ventilated brake discs strongly depends on the aerodynamic characteristics of the air flow through the rotor passages. In this thesis, the thermal convection is analyzed using an analytical method, and the velocity distribution, temperature contours and Nusselt number are determined. Then numerical models for different rotors, pillar post rotors and vane rotors are generated and numerical simulations are conducted to determine the desired parameters. To analyze more realistic vane and pillar post rotor models, commercial CFD software packages, Fluent and Gambit, are used to simulate the heat flux rate, air flow rate, velocity distributions, temperature contours, and pressure distributions inside the rotors. Furthermore, sensitivity studies have been performed, to determine the effects of a different number of vanes or pillar posts, inner and outer radii and various angles of vanes. To automate the tedious and repetitive design process of the disc rotor, a design synthesis framework, iSIGHT, is used to integrate the geometrical modeling using GAMBIT and numerical simulations based on FLUENT. Through this integrated design synthesis process, the disc rotor geometrical optimization is performed using design of experiment studies.
Design and analysis of the three degrees of freedom parallel kinematic machine
(2008-08-01) Hu, Xiaolin; Zhang, Dan
The thesis is about design and analysis of a PKM with 3 DOF. The new PKM is designed as a machine tool in various applications in manufacturing. The PKM is optimized based on the developed stiffness model. Kinematics and dynamics of the new PKM is also modeled and simulated.
Process analysis and aspen plus simulation of nuclear-based hydrogen production with a copper-chlorine cycle
(2008-08-01) Chukwu, Cletus; Rosen, Marc; Naterer, Greg
Thermochemical processes for hydrogen production driven by nuclear energy are promising alternatives to existing technologies for large-scale commercial production of hydrogen, without dependence on fossil fuels. In the Copper-Chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle, water is decomposed in a sequence of intermediate processes with a net input of water and heat, while hydrogen and oxygen gases are generated as the products. The Super Critical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) has been identified as a promising source of heat for these processes. In this thesis, the process analysis and simulation models are developed using the Aspen PlusTM chemical process simulation package, based on experimental work conducted at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). A successful simulation is performed with an Electrolyte Non Random Two Liquid (ElecNRTL) model of Aspen Plus. The efficiency of the cycle based on three and four step process routes is examined in this thesis. The thermal efficiency of the four step thermochemical process is calculated as 45%, while the three step hybrid thermochemical cycle is 42%, based on the lower heating value (LHV) of hydrogen. Sensitivity analyses are performed to study the effects of various operating parameters on the efficiency, yield, and thermodynamic properties. Possible efficiency improvements are discussed. The results will assist the development of a lab-scale cycle which is currently being conducted at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), in collaboration with its partners.
Optimization-based mechanism synthesis using multi-objective parallel asynchronous particle swarm optimization
(2008-12-01) McDougall, Robin David; Nokleby, Scott
A distributed variant of multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) called multi-objective parallel asynchronous particle swarm optimization (MOPAPSO) is presented, and the effects of distribution of objective function calculations to slave processors on the results and performance are investigated and employed for the synthesis of Grashof mechanisms. By using a formal multi-objective handling scheme based on Pareto dominance criteria, the need to pre-weight competing systemic objective functions is removed and the optimal solution for a design problem can be selected from a front of candidates after the parameter optimization has been completed. MOPAPSO's ability to match MOPSO's results using parallelization for improved performance is presented. Results for both four and ve bar mechanism synthesis examples are shown.
Thermodynamic analysis of molten carbonate fuel cell systems
(2008-12-01) Rashidi, Ramin; Dincer, Ibrahim; Berg, Peter
This study deals with the thermodynamic analysis of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) hybrid system to determine its efficiencies, irreversibilities and performance.The analysis includes a performance investigation of a typical molten carbonate fuel cell stack, an industrial MCFC hybrid system, and an MCFC hybrid system deployed by Enbridge. A parametric study is performed to examine the effects of varying operating conditions on the performance of the system. Furthermore, thermodynamic irreversibilities in each component are determined and an optimization of the fuel cell is conducted. Finally, a simplified and novel method is used for the cost analysis of the Enbridge MCFC hybrid system.An exergy analysis of the hybrid MCFC systems demonstrates that overall efficiencies of up to 60 % are achievable. The maximum exergy destruction was found in components in which chemical reactions occur. In addition, the turboexpander is one of the major contributors to the overall exergy destruction of the system. The cost analysis of the Enbridge system illustrates that by merging the importance of “green” energy and rising costs of carbon offsets, this new technology could be a promising solution and substitute for future energy supply.
Advancing the technology development for better quality wood plastic composites: process ability study
(2009-03-01) Semeralul, Hamid Osman; Rizvi, Ghaus
Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) have advantages over natural wood such as improved stiffness, recyclability, and waste minimization. However, issues such as the difficulty of processing WPC with conventional methods, volatile emission from the wood and the composites’ lack of strength must be addressed. A system for continuous extrusion of rectangular profiles of WPC was developed and some critical processing strategies were identified. The use of a lubricant and a calibrator also improved the profile extrusion of WPC. In this work, glass was also added to improve WPC’s mechanical strength. Generally, a glass content of 2.5% appears to improve the properties but further addition does not have a significant effect. Foaming of WPC, which can enhance their properties, was investigated through studying the effect of heating time and temperature on void fraction and cell density.
Evaporative heat and mass transfer with solubility driven solidification of aqueous droplet flows
(2009-03-01) Bahadorani, Payam; Naterer, Greg
Nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition using a copper-chlorine cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions that split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This is accomplished through reactions involving intermediate copper and chlorine compounds, which act as catalysts that are recycled in the process. In this thesis, analytical and numerical solutions are developed to predict the behaviour of aqueous cupric chloride droplets in a solution undergoing spray-drying in the Cu-Cl cycle. The aqueous CuCl2 is present as a slurry within the cycle, which will later generate oxygen and hydrogen as a net result. The efficiency of the cycle can be increased by utilizing low-grade waste heat from any industrial source or nuclear power plant to assist in the drying process. There are many different methods employed in industry for drying of solutions. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the application and conditions. In this thesis, analytical correlations of heat and mass transfer are developed for the aqueous solution, subject to various drying conditions. The analysis is performed for moist air in contact with a sprayed aqueous solution of CuCl2(2H2O). Validation of the model is performed by comparisons with experimental results obtained from a Niro-spray dryer for CuCl2 and previous experimental and theoretical data for different fluids, on the basis of non-dimensional analysis.
Mass transport in the cathode electrode of a molten carbonate fuel cell
(2009-04-01) Findlay, Justin Earl; Berg, Peter
A molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is an electro-chemical energy conversion technology that runs on natural gas and employs a molten salt electrolyte. In order to keep the electrolyte in this state, the cell must be kept at a temperature above 500 C, eliminating the need for precious metals as the catalyst. There has been only a limited amount of research on modelling the transport processes inside this device, mainly due to its limited ability for mobile applications. In this thesis, three one-dimensional models of a MCFC are presented based on different types of diffusion and convection. Comparisons between models are performed so as to assess their validity. Regarding ion transport, it is shown that there exists a limiting case for ion migration across the cathode that depends on the conductivity for the liquid potential. Finally, an optimization of the diffusivity across the cathode is carried out in an attempt to increase the cell performance and its longevity.
Design and analysis of a three degrees of freedom (DOF) parallel manipulator with decoupled motions
(2009-04-01) Qian, Jijie; Zhang, Dan
Parallel manipulators have been the subject of study of much robotic research during the past three decades. A parallel manipulator typically consists of a moving platform that is connected to a fixed base by at least two kinematic chains in parallel. Parallel manipulators can provide several attractive advantages over their serial counterpart in terms of high stiffness, high accuracy, and low inertia, which enable them to become viable alternatives for wide applications. But parallel manipulators also have some disadvantages, such as complex forward kinematics, small workspace, complicated structures, and a high cost. To overcome the above shortcomings, progress on the development of parallel manipulators with less than 6-DOF has been accelerated. However, most of presented parallel manipulators have coupled motion between the position and orientation of the end-effector. Therefore, the kinematic model is complex and the manipulator is difficult to control. Only recently, research on parallel manipulators with less than six degrees of freedom has been leaning toward the decoupling of the position and orientation of the end-effector, and this has really interested scientists in the area of parallel robotics. Kinematic decoupling for a parallel manipulator is that one motion of the up-platform only corresponds to input of one leg or one group of legs. And the input cannot produce other motions. Nevertheless, to date, the number of real applications of decoupled motion actuated parallel manipulators is still quite limited. This is partially because effective development strategies of such types of closed-loop structures are not so obvious. In addition, it is very difficult to design mechanisms with complete decoupling, but it is possible for fewer DOF parallel manipulators. To realize kinematic decoupling, the parallel manipulators are needed to possess special structures; therefore, investigating a parallel manipulator with decoupling motion remains a challenging task. This thesis deals with lower mobility parallel manipulator with decoupled motions. A novel parallel manipulator is proposed in this thesis. The manipulator consists of a moving platform that is connecting to a fixed base by three legs. Each leg is made of one C (cylinder), one R (revolute) and one U (universal) joints. The mobility of the manipulator and structure of the inactive joint are analyzed. Kinematics of the manipulator including inverse and forward kinematics, velocity equation, kinematic singularities, and stiffness are studied. The workspace of the parallel manipulator is examined. A design optimization is conducted with the prescribed workspace. It has been found that due to the special arrangement of the legs and joints, this parallel manipulator performs three translational degrees of freedom with decoupled motions, and is fully isotropic. This advantage has great potential for machine tools and Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM).
Detecting and preventing the electronic transmission of illicit images
(2009-04-01) Ibrahim, Amin Abdurahman; Vargas Martin, Miguel
The sexual exploitation of children remains a very serious problem and is rapidly increasing globally through the use of the Internet. This work focuses on the current methods employed by criminals to generate and distribute child pornography, the methods used by law enforcement agencies to deter them, and the drawbacks of currently used methods, as well as the surrounding legal and privacy issues. A proven method to detect the transmission of illicit images at the network layer is presented within this paper. With this research, it is now possible to actively filter illicit pornographic images as they are transmitted over the network layer in real-time. It is shown that a Stochastic Learning Weak Estimator learning algorithm and a Maximum Likelihood Estimator learning algorithm can be applied against Linear Classifiers to identify and filter illicit pornographic images. In this thesis, these two learning algorithms were combined with algorithms such as the Non-negative Vector Similarity Coefficient-based Distance algorithm, Euclidian Distance, and Weighted Euclidian Distance. Based upon this research, a prototype was developed using the abovementioned system, capable of performing classification on both compressed and uncompressed images. Experimental results showed that classification accuracies and the overhead of network-based approaches did have a significant effect on routing devices. All images used in our experiments were legal. No actual child pornography images were ever collected, seen, sought, or used.
Design and development of an extended range electric bywire/wireless hybrid vehicle with a near wheel motor drivetrain
(2009-05-01) Bernacki, Mark; Pop-Iliev, Remon
With automobile propulsion energy sources turning away from petroleum, the evolution of technology naturally lends itself to electrical hybrid vehicle architectures relying on alternatives as a primary electrical energy source. This thesis presents a design solution of a direct-drive and drive-by-wire prototype of a hybrid extended range electric vehicle (EREV) based on a dune buggy test bed. The developed setup eliminates nearly all mechanical inefficiencies in the rear wheel drive transaxle drivetrain. All controls have been purposely designed as a duplicate set to allow for full independent control of both rear wheels in a truly independent architecture. Along with the controls supporting the design, the motors have been mounted in a near wheel fashion to adequately replace a true hub motor setup. In addition, by-wire throttle and by-wireless brakes in a servomechanical fashion have been developed. The by-wireless braking system is used to control regenerative braking for the rear of the vehicle only allowing for the front brakes to be the primary means of braking as well as a mechanical safety redundancy. This design allows for developments in the areas of truly independent electronic differential systems and studies of the effect of near wheel motor setup. The efficiencies gained by the design solutions implemented in this thesis project have shown their ability to be used in a functioning motor vehicle. Direct gains in mechanical efficiency as well as the removal of a non eco-friendly gasoline powertrain have been attained. In addition, an electric architecture has been developed for further research in future studies such as vehicle stability control, traction control and all-wheel-drive architectures.
Rapid rotational foam molding of integral skin polypropylene cellular composites
(2009-05-01) Abdalla, Emad; Pop-Iliev, Remon
Rapid Rotational Foam Molding (RRFM) is a novel patent-pending process that was designed and developed to maximize the synergistic effects resulting from the deliberate combination of extrusion and rotational foam molding and thereby serve as a time-andenergy efficient technology for the manufacture of integral-skin rotationally molded foams of high quality. This thesis presents a thorough study of the scientific and engineering aspects related to the evolution of the RRFM process and its feasibility. This innovative processing technology was assessed and verified through a battery of planned experimental trials conducted utilizing an in-house custom-built industrial-grade lab-scale experimental setup. The experimental trials involved a variety of polypropylene (PP)- based foamable formulations with a chemical blowing agent (CBA) that were compounded and processed by utilizing an extruder and then foamed and injected as a foamed core, instantly, into the cavity of a suitable non-chilled rotationally molded hollow shell made of non-foamed pulverized PP grades. The investigated mold shapes included a cylindrical shaped mold and a rectangular flat shaped mold. The obtained moldings were examined for the quality of the skin surface, the skin-foam interface, and the achieved foam morphologies that were characterized in terms of foam density, average cell size, and average cell density. Optimal processing parameters were successfully determined for three different PP skin-foam formulation combinations. The accomplished reduction in processing time and energy consumption by implementing RRFM were substantial. A variety of processing impediments that hindered the efficiency of the single-charge conventional rotational foam molding practice were resolved by implementing RRFM; these include: the foam/skin invasion into the skin/foam layer of the manufactured article and the premature decomposition of CBA during compounding or subsequent rotational foam molding processing steps.
Design and development of a custom dual fuel (hydrogen and gasoline) power system for an extended range electric vehicle architecture
(2009-06-01) Van Wieringen, Matt; Pop-Iliev, Remon
In recent decades there has been a growing global concern with regards to vehicle-generated green house gas (GHG) emissions and the resulting air pollution. Currently, gasoline and diesel are the most widely used automotive fuels and are refined from crude oil which is a nonrenewable resource. When they are combusted in an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) they release significant amounts of air pollutants and Green House Gasses (GHG’s), such as NOx, CO2, SOx, CO, and PM10 into the atmosphere. The results of a feasibility study indicate that intermediary automotive propulsion systems are needed in order to begin a transition from fossil fuels to a clean, renewable transportation system. The Extended Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV) has been identified as an ideal intermediate vehicle technology. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to establish the scientific and engineering fundamentals for the design and development of a Dual-Fuel (hydrogen + Gasoline) Power Generation System for the E-REV sustainable mobility architecture. The devised power generation system is comprised of hydrogen and gasoline storage reservoirs, their respective fuelling systems, a Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine (SI ICE), an electric generator, batteries, as well as supplementary electronic systems. The batteries are used to provide power directly to the electric motors and are recharged with both the on-board electric generator and via plug-in capabilities. The developed prototype vehicle, which used a commercial Dune Buggy as a test bed, combined with the on-board rechargeable LiFePO4 battery pack, can provide the users with a daily commute range of ~ 65 [km] relying solely on the battery’s electric power, whereas for longer duration trips the use of the on-board generator would be necessary. The developed Dual-Fuel E-REV power generation system offers the following benefits when compared to the original gasoline ICE architecture: reduced emissions, improved acceleration (47% ↑), improved range (75% ↑), improved fuel economy (22% ↑) and decreased average fuel cost/km (29% ↓).

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